Figure 2From: Epinephrine reversed high-concentration bupivacaine- induced inhibition of calcium channels and transient outward potassium current channels, but not on sodium channel in ventricular myocytes of ratsThe INa current-voltage relationship in the absence of bupivacaine, with bupivacaine 100 μmol/L alone, and bupivacaine 100 μmol/L in combination with epinephrine 0.15 μg/ml. Bupivacaine 100 μmol/L present in the perfusate contributed to an upper shift of the current density-voltage curve. Administration of 100 μmol/L bupivacaine and epinephrine 0.15 μg/ml did not effect any change in the curve.Back to article page