Extubation force depends upon angle of force application and fixation technique: a study of 7 methods

Wagner, Jennifer L; Shandas, Robin; Lanning, Craig J

doi:10.1186/1471-2253-14-74

BMC Anesthesiology

Table 1 Average forces required to displace tubes both 2 cm and 5 cm or fixation failure

From: Extubation force depends upon angle of force application and fixation technique: a study of 7 methods

	Average force for 2 cm displacement (N)
	SolidAIRity®		Thomas™		Anchor Fast		Tape & Mallinckrodt		Twill & Mallinckrodt		Tape & Securisyn tube		Twill & Securisyn tube
Test point	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
1	209	0.00	31	7.70	96	6.79	85	26.69	50	13.59	107	23.11	50	6.79
2	175	12.84	58	26.69	83	2.57	61	20.55	47	2.57	82	11.19	73	2.57
3	90	6.79	55	5.14	46	2.57	82	9.26	50	10.27	79	28.25	62	8.90
4	172	13.59	65	5.14	71	4.45	96	11.19	55	15.62	93	4.45	61	5.14
5	74	18.52	82	2.57	65	2.57	67	0.00	50	6.79	68	2.57	83	2.57
6	193	2.57	68	11.19	86	6.79	98	19.39	40	0.00	108	28.94	79	2.57
7	162	13.59	85	7.70	70	6.79	82	20.06	44	0.00	79	13.59	99	13.59
8	200	30.82	98	7.70	92	5.14	132	5.14	50	5.14	96	16.84	55	6.79
9	113	22.83	58	7.70	67	4.45	67	27.06	40	7.70	89	20.38	80	4.45
10	156	4.45	68	2.57	59	2.57	65*	13.59	39	2.57	61*	18.52	52	6.79
11	225	9.26	53	4.45	73	2.57	83*	29.62	65	2.57	102*	31.14	64	6.79
12	224	2.57	85	20.38	89	4.45	77*	14.30	49	23.11	92*	21.02	59	5.14
13	148	5.14	71	4.45	62	8.90	64*	11.19	36	0.00	65	9.26	64	5.14
Average	165	11.00	67	8.72	74	4.66	81	16.00	47	6.92	84	16.73	68	5.94
	Average force for 5 cm displacement or failure (N)
1	215	6.79	82	12.84	147	15.41	144	21.02	129	24.77	138	27.06	145	40.36
2	203	26.81	83	18.52	130	6.79	95	2.57	104	31.56	120	33.58	245	11.77
3	233	16.84	96	11.19	129	0.00	136	5.14	99	12.84	179	16.84	197	28.94
4	234	13.59	113	11.19	153	24.50	175	24.50	120	22.24	175	6.79	202	21.94
5	234	20.06	129	8.90	178	35.31	163	21.02	87	12.84	154	33.97	199	35.95
6	212	13.59	101	9.26	86	43.66	128	5.14	87	14.30	142	42.90	190	24.50
7	218	11.77	133	4.45	190	25.68	162	6.79	107	19.39	193	31.56	227	29.17
8	228	21.02	130	5.14	165	29.17	157	2.57	130	28.94	194	32.18	176	56.50
9	231	8.90	99	9.26	130	6.79	87	22.39	85	30.82	128	26.06	254	32.08
10	251	15.62	99	26.06	123	11.19	65	13.59	133	4.45	61	18.52	205	4.45
11	283	12.84	93	16.04	99	30.28	83	29.62	126	10.27	102	31.14	258	31.14
12	289	4.45	136	20.06	98	11.77	77	14.30	86	9.26	92	21.02	135	13.59
13	273	17.98	135	25.29	83	5.14	64	11.19	90	12.84	122	17.98	128	20.06
Average	239	14.64	110	13.71	132	18.90	118	13.83	107	18.04	138	26.12	197	26.96

Mean and standard deviation for all 3 measured force values, at all 13 test points, for 7 methods of ET tube restraint. Values listed in the last row of the table are the average values for all test point means and standard deviations.
*Indicates fixator failed before 2 cm displacement was reached.

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