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Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression of desaturation based on period of anesthesia (n = 42,055)

From: Risk over time and risk factors of intraoperative respiratory events: a historical cohort study of 14,153 children

Variable

All periods (235)

Induction (90)

Maintenance (124)

Emergence (21)

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) p-value

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) p-value

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) p-value

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) p-value

Age (ref= > 6)

1a < 0.001

   

1-6

2.3 (1.6, 3.3)b

_

_

_

< 1

3.7 (2.5, 5.6)c

   

Respiratory disease (ref = no)

 

1a < 0.001

1a 0.16

1a 0.6

URI

_

1.1 (0.45, 2.9)a

1.7 (0.89, 3.2)a

1.5 (0.34, 6.8)a

Pulmonary disease

 

3.9 (2.4, 6.3)b

1.6 (0.84, 2.9)a

1.9 (0.54, 6.5)a

Site of operation (ref = superficial)

1a < 0.001

   

Broncho/laryngoscopy

4.1 (2.1, 8.3)b

   

Ear-nose-throat

1.7 (0.87, 3.4)a

   

Eye

1.0 (0.49, 2.1)a

_

_

_

Thoracic

1.3 (0.62, 2.8)a

   

Abdomen

1.3 (0.70, 2.4)a

   

Spine & extremity

1.2 (0.63, 2.4)a

   

Remote*

1.7 (0.64, 4.3)a

   

Position (ref = supine)

1a 0.01

   

Lateral

2.0 (1.2, 3.3)b

_

_

_

Lithotomy

0.42 (0.15, 1.2)a

   

Prone

0.77 (0.28, 2.1)a

   

ASA classification (ref = 1)

 

1a < 0.001

1a 0.75

1a 0.93

2

_

1.9 (0.92, 3.9)a

1.1 (0.66,1.7)a

1.1 (0.56, 2.2)a

3

 

4.4 (2.0, 9.6)b

1.3 (0.70, 2.3)a

0.90 (0.25, 3.1)a

Airway device (ref = ETT-C)

1a 0.005

   

Jet ventilation-C

2.2 (0.89, 5.3)a

_

_

_

Facemask-A

2.5 (1.3, 4.7)b

   

LMA-A

2.0 (1.1, 3.6)b

   

Intubating agent (ref = NDMR)

1a < 0.001

   

Succinylcholine

2.0 (1.4, 2.8)b

_

_

_

Sevoflurane

1.2 (0.62, 2.4)a

   

Inhalation agent (ref = sevoflurane)

1a < 0.001

   

Isoflurane

0.79 (0.57, 1.1)a

   

Halothane

1.2 (0.40, 3.8)a

_

_

_

Desflurane

5.7 (3.1, 10.7)b

   
  1. p-value from likelihood ratio test, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologist; CI: Confidence interval; ETT-C: Endotracheal tube with controlled ventilation; LMA-A: Laryngeal mask airway with assisted ventilation; NDMR: Non-depolarizing muscle relaxant; URI: Upper respiratory tract infection, *remote sites including radiology service and cardiac catheterization, hazard ratios within columns and variables that have no superscript (a bc) in common differ significantly at p < 0.05 (Wald test).